Dockworkers join other unions in trying to fend off automation, or minimize the impact

NEW YORK (AP) — The massive port workers' strike that has shut down all the major dockyards on the Eastern seaboard of the U.S. and the Gulf coast is highlighting a fear held by many workers: Eventually, we will be replaced by machines.

The International Longshoremen's Association, which represents the approximately 45,000 dock workers who walked off the job Tuesday, is testing whether it's possible to fight back.

The union is demanding, along with hefty pay raises, a total ban on the automation of gates, cranes and container-moving trucks in its ports. But it's unclear whether they'll be able to stave off a trend that has seeped into virtually every workspace.

The growth of automation and technological advances have created tension between workers and management since the Industrial Revolution, when machines first began to manufacture goods that had previously been made by hand. And with the growing use of artificial intelligence, the group of jobs workers perceive as threatened with disruption is ever-widening.

“You cannot bet against the march of technology,” said Yossi Sheffi, director of the MIT Center for Transportation & Logistics. “You cannot ban automation, because it will creep up in other places.”

It's not the first time that port workers have resisted automation. In 1960, as ports on the West Coast introduced machinery to move cargo once moved by hand, the union representing longshoremen negotiated protections for workers, including assurances that the current workforce would not be laid off, according to the International Longshore & Warehouse Union.

Harry Bridges, who led the union at the time, negotiated pay increases and job security arrangements for some of the workers, said Adam Seth Litwin, associate professor of industrial and labor relations at Cornell University.

“He saw that this was going to become potentially a real problem if he didn’t try to get ahead of it,” Litwin said. “Essentially what he was saying was, ‘I recognize the reality of what’s happening here, and the way to best represent my members is to make sure that they are protected.’"

The downside was that as port machinery became more common, the size of the union eroded precipitously over the years.

The coal industry went through a similar reckoning as conveyor belts and other machines displaced laborers. Union leader John Lewis negotiated for job security and pay increases for existing workers, but the encroachment of machines led to fewer hires, and over time the workforce and union ranks shrunk.

“Amongst coal miners today, he isn’t necessarily a big hero, but he knew what he was doing. And I think he also recognized that fighting automation rarely makes a whole lot of economic sense, particularly if you’re talking about a market that’s at all competitive,” Litwin said.

Some dockyards outside the U.S are far more automated and efficient, especially ports in Dubai, Singapore and Rotterdam, Sheffi said. Mexico is building a highly automated port that could compete with U.S. ports.

“They’re going to start running trains from the port to the heartland of the United States. And who is going to lose?" Sheffi asked. “There’ll be less work for these people.”

There are ways unions and employers can protect workers. Some unions have negotiated that employees must receive guaranteed employment protection if companies bring in technologies that could make their jobs obsolete. Others have bargained for employers to provide tuition reimbursement or retraining programs so workers can shift into other roles when machines come in.

“The trick is to make it over time, not to do it haphazardly,” Sheffi said.

In its current contract, the ILA has a provision that requires the union’s agreement if the ports add any automation, essentially giving the ILA veto power. But ILA President Harold Daggett has said the union wants a stronger ban.

When health care giant Kaiser Permanente switched from paper to digital medical records a decade ago, dozens of unions bargained together to ensure workers wouldn’t lose jobs or face wage reductions as a result of the technology deployment. Drivers who moved boxes of medical records to warehouses and librarians who retrieved paper files who were trained and reassigned to roles such as medical librarians or coders, Litwin said.

“They ultimately all got pay increases because they ended up being in jobs that ended up being more highly skilled," Litwin said.

Workers such as cashiers or file clerks who perform routine tasks and have lower levels of education face the greatest risks of their jobs being automated, according to Dawn Locke, a director at the U.S. Government Accountability Office. But the growth of artificial intelligence is increasingly threatening high-skilled jobs as well.

In the months after the launch of ChatGPT, a generative AI tool that can compose essays, write computer code and engage in conversations, job postings for writers, coders and artists plummeted.

“Now we see law firms putting AI to use and cutting the number of junior associates,” Sheffi said. “But it’s a problem. How do you become a senior associate arguing before the Supreme Court if you don’t start as a junior associate?”

When companies embrace artificial intelligence, it doesn’t always result in workers losing jobs. In some cases the productivity gains enabled by automation or AI make workplaces more profitable, enabling them to hire even more workers.

But unions aren't taking any chances. In September, video game performers reached an agreement after striking with 80 games that provided protections around exploitative uses of artificial intelligence.

Last year, Hollywood screenwriters concerned that scripts would soon be written by artificial intelligence won protections against the use of AI after a five-month strike.

"More and more people who thought they were immune from automation are probably looking to groups like the longshoremen and thinking, ‘Wait a second, actually, I may not be that far removed from this,’" Litwin said.

FILE - Miners at the Slabfork Coal company in West Virginia wait for ride home after work, May 6, 1960. (AP Photo, File)

FILE - Cargo containers which can be hoisted from trucks to and from ships are loaded aboard the Matson Hawaiian Citizen at a San Francisco pier on May 15, 1963. (AP Photo, File)

FILE - Ship to shore cranes and gangs of longshoremen work the container ship YM Witness at the Georgia Ports Authority's Port of Savannah, Sept. 29, 2021, in Savannah, Ga. (AP Photo/Stephen B. Morton, File)

Striking Philadelphia longshoreman picket outside the Packer Avenue Marine Terminal Port, Tuesday, Oct. 01, 2024.(AP Photo/Ryan Collerd)

FILE - Cranes usually running day and night are shut down during a strike by ILA members at the Bayport Container Terminal on Oct. 1, 2024, in Houston. (AP Photo/Annie Mulligan, File)

Striking International Longshoremen's Association dockworker Henderson Wilson, 61, stands on the picket line near the Port of New Orleans in Louisiana, Tuesday, Oct. 1, 2024. (AP Photo/Jack Brook)

Longshoremen bow for a prayer during a strike at the Bayport Container Terminal on Tuesday, Oct. 1, 2024, in Houston. (AP Photo/Annie Mulligan)

BIRMINGHAM, England (AP) — Prince William watched his beloved Aston Villa as it hosted Bayern Munich in the Champions League on Wednesday.

The Prince of Wales and future King of England is a lifelong fan of the Premier League team and was part of the crowd for its first home game in European soccer's elite competition for 41 years.

William met members of Villa's 1982 European Cup winning team and posed for pictures before the match at Villa Park before watching the much-anticipated match.

“42 years on, our 1982 European Cup winning legends are here on an historic night,” he wrote on X. “Ready for the first game on home turf in this year’s European adventure...”

William, who is also patron of the English Football Association, sat in an executive box and was dressed casually in a dark blue button-up coat over a maroon sweater and blue shirt.

He was up and cheering with the rest of the home crowd when Pau Torres appeared to have fired Villa into a 23rd-minute lead only for the goal to be ruled out by VAR for offside.

Villa's last game in the European Cup — as it was formerly known — was against Juventus in 1983 when it was defending champion. It was eliminated in the quarterfinals and has had to wait more than four decades to make a return.

Bayern was a fitting opponent for its first home game back in the competition, given Villa caused a major upset by beating the German champion 1-0 in the final of 1982 to win the trophy for the first on only time in its history.

William joined England great David Beckham on Tuesday for the launch of two new air ambulances in London.

AP soccer: https://apnews.com/hub/soccer

Britain's Prince William, left, and former soccer player David Beckham speak to each other during a visit to RAF Northolt, England, Tuesday, Oct. 1, 2024. (Aaron Chown, Pool Photo via AP)

Britain's Prince William smiles during his visit to RAF Northolt, England, Tuesday, Oct. 1, 2024. (Aaron Chown, Pool Photo via AP)

Aston Villa's Pau Torres reacts during the Champions League opening phase soccer match between Aston Villa and Bayern Munich, at Villa Park in Birmingham, England, Wednesday, Oct. 2, 2024. (AP Photo/Rui Vieira)

Bayern's Michael Olise, left, duels for the ball with Aston Villa's Youri Tielemans during the Champions League opening phase soccer match between Aston Villa and Bayern Munich, at Villa Park in Birmingham, England, Wednesday, Oct. 2, 2024. (AP Photo/Rui Vieira)