Commonwealth nations adopt 1st ocean declaration as former British colonies seek reparatory justice

APIA, Samoa (AP) — Commonwealth countries adopted Saturday their first ocean declaration during their summit held for the first time in the Pacific island nation of Samoa as calls from some of Britain’s former colonies for reparatory justice for the trans-Atlantic slave trade grew louder.

The Apia Ocean Declaration was announced during the closing session of the 27th Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting, or CHOGM, and calls on all 56 Commonwealth nations to protect the ocean in the face of severe climate, pollution and over-exploitation.

More than half the Commonwealth members are small countries like Samoa, many face significant, some even existential, threats from rising seas.

While the environmental threat was foreshadowed as a predominant theme going into the summit, the transatlantic slave trade from Britain’s colonial history dominated the discourse through the opening days.

The Apia Commonwealth Ocean Declaration for One Resilient Common focuses on recognizing maritime boundaries amid sea-level rise, protecting 30% of oceans and restoring degraded marine ecosystems by 2030, and urgently finalizing the Global Plastics Treaty. It also calls for ratifying the high-seas biodiversity treaty, developing coastal climate adaptation plans, and strengthening support for sustainable blue economies.

Samoa Prime Minister Fiame Naomi Mata’afa said in a statement released by her office that it was fitting for “our first ocean declaration” to be adopted "in the Blue Pacific continent given climate change has been recognised as the single greatest threat to the security and well-being of our people.”

The Commonwealth represents a third of the world’s population, and 49 of its 56 countries have a coastline. The organization says 25 of its members are increasingly impacted by climate change, rising sea levels, growing temperatures and increasing ocean acidity – impacting sea life, ecosystems and the communities that depend upon them.

Mata’afa said the declaration must become “a line in the sand” for the world to collectively transform “ocean exploitation into protection and sustainable stewardship.”

Outgoing Commonwealth Secretary-General, Patricia Scotland said in a statement they were “immensely proud of this achievement” which "sets the standard for forthcoming international meetings, generating momentum for ocean protection as we head towards COP29 in Azerbaijan in November, and next year’s UN Ocean Conference"."

Calls from some of Britain's former colonies for a reckoning over its role in the trans-Atlantic slave trade was the thorniest issue at the summit and specifically reparatory justice.

King Charles III, who attended his first Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting as sovereign, said in his address on Friday history couldn't be changed but that he understood “the most painful aspects of our past continue to resonate.”

Although he stopped short of mentioning financial reparations, which some leaders at the event urged, his remarks were seen as an acknowledgment of how strongly many felt about the issue in countries that Britain once colonized.

Included in the 52-point official Leaders Statement on Saturday was a paragraph that urged a “meaningful, truthful, respectful conversation” to build a fair future. The communique also directed the Commonwealth secretary-general to engage governments and stakeholders in reparatory justice consultations, with a special focus on the impact on women and girls.

“(The communique) agrees that this is the time for conversation,” said Britain’s Prime Minister Keir Starmer at a press conference in Apia on Saturday. “But I should be really clear here. In the two days we’ve been here, none of the discussions have been about money. Our position is very, very clear in relation to that.”

“Let me first be clear that the slave trade, slave practice, was abhorrent, and it’s very important we start from there. Abhorrent is the right word.”

Earlier Saturday, Shirley Ayorkor Botchwey, the Minister for Foreign Affairs and Regional Integration in Ghana, was announced as the incoming Secretary-General of the Commonwealth.

Botchwey, who has urged financial reparations for the past enslavement of colonized people, replaces Patricia Scotland of the United Kingdom who had been in the post since 2016.

Antigua and Barbuda was also announced as the host for the next CHOGM in 2026.

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Smith reported from Newcastle, Australia. Charlotte Graham-McLay contributed from Wellington, New Zealand.

Commonwealth Secretary General Patricia Scotland, left, chats with Rwanda's Minister of Foreign Affairs Olivier Nduhungirehe during the final press conference at the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM) in Apia, Samoa, Saturday, Oct. 26, 2024. (William West/Pool Photo via AP)

Malta's Minister of Foreign Affairs Ian Borg, left, and Samoa's Prime Minister Afioga Fiame Naomi Mata'afa, center, and Commonwealth Secretary General Patricia Scotland attend the final press conference at the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM) in Apia, Samoa, Saturday, Oct. 26, 2024. (William West/Pool Photo via AP)

From left, Samoa's Prime Minister Afioga Fiame Naomi Mata'afa, Commonwealth Secretary General Patricia Scotland and Rwanda's Minister of Foreign Affairs Olivier Nduhungirehe attend the final press conference at the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM) in Apia, Samoa, Saturday, Oct. 26, 2024. (William West/Pool Photo via AP)

From left to right, Malaysia's Foreign Minister Mohamad Hasan, Malta's Minister of Foreign Affairs Ian Borg, Samoa's Prime Minister Afioga Fiame Naomi Mata'afa, Commonwealth Secretary General Patricia Scotland and Rwanda's Minister of Foreign Affairs Olivier Nduhungirehe attend the final press conference at the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM) in Apia, Samoa, Saturday, Oct. 26, 2024. (William West/Pool Photo via AP)

New Zealand's Prime Minister Christopher Luxon arrives for the Leaders' Retreat during the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM) in Apia, Samoa, Saturday, Oct. 26, 2024. (William West/Pool Photo via AP)

Samoa's Prime Minister Afioga Fiame Naomi Mata'afa, center, addresses the final press conference, flanked by Malaysia's Foreign Minister Mohamad Hasan, left, Malta's Minister of Foreign Affairs Ian Borg, second left, Commonwealth Secretary General Patricia Scotland, second right, and Rwanda's Minister of Foreign Affairs Olivier Nduhungirehe at the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM) in Apia, Samoa, Saturday, Oct. 26, 2024. (William West/Pool Photo via AP)

Samoa's Prime Minister Afioga Fiame Naomi Mata'afa addresses the Leaders' Retreat during the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM) in Apia, Samoa, Saturday, Oct. 26, 2024. (William West/Pool Photo via AP)

Samoa's Prime Minister, Afioga Fiame Naomi Mata'afa addresses the Leaders' Retreat during the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM) in Apia, Samoa, Saturday, Oct. 26, 2024. (William West/Pool Photo via AP)

Singapore's Prime Minister Lawrence Wong arrives for the Leaders' Retreat during the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM) in Apia, Samoa, Saturday, Oct. 26, 2024. (William West/Pool Photo via AP)

New Zealand's Prime Minister Christopher Luxon arrives for the Leaders' Retreat during the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM) in Apia, Samoa, Saturday, Oct. 26, 2024. (William West/Pool Photo via AP)

Australia's Prime Minister Anthony Albanese arrives for the Leaders' Retreat during the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM) in Apia, Samoa, Saturday, Oct. 26, 2024. (William West/Pool Photo via AP)

Britain's Prime Minister Keir Starmer, center, attends the Leaders' Retreat during the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM) in Apia, Samoa, Saturday, Oct. 26, 2024. (William West/Pool Photo via AP)

From left to right, Malaysia's Foreign Minister Mohamad Hasan, Malta's Minister of Foreign Affairs Ian Borg, Samoa's Prime Minister Afioga Fiame Naomi Mata'afa, Commonwealth Secretary General Patricia Scotland and Rwanda's Minister of Foreign Affairs Olivier Nduhungirehe attend the final press conference at the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM) in Apia, Samoa, Saturday, Oct. 26, 2024. (William West/Pool Photo via AP)

Australia's Prime Minister Anthony Albanese arrives for the Leaders' Retreat during the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM) in Apia, Samoa, Saturday, Oct. 26, 2024. (William West/Pool Photo via AP)

Malta's Minister of Foreign Affairs Ian Borg, left, and Samoa's Prime Minister Afioga Fiame Naomi Mata'afa attend the final press conference at the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM) in Apia, Samoa, Saturday, Oct. 26, 2024. (William West/Pool Photo via AP)

Samoa's Prime Minister Afioga Fiame Naomi Mata'afa addresses the final press conference at the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM) in Apia, Samoa, Saturday, Oct. 26, 2024. (William West/Pool Photo via AP)

SAN FRANCISCO (AP) — Tech behemoth OpenAI has touted its artificial intelligence-powered transcription tool Whisper as having near “human level robustness and accuracy.”

But Whisper has a major flaw: It is prone to making up chunks of text or even entire sentences, according to interviews with more than a dozen software engineers, developers and academic researchers. Those experts said some of the invented text — known in the industry as hallucinations — can include racial commentary, violent rhetoric and even imagined medical treatments.

Experts said that such fabrications are problematic because Whisper is being used in a slew of industries worldwide to translate and transcribe interviews, generate text in popular consumer technologies and create subtitles for videos.

More concerning, they said, is a rush by medical centers to utilize Whisper-based tools to transcribe patients’ consultations with doctors, despite OpenAI’ s warnings that the tool should not be used in “high-risk domains.”

The full extent of the problem is difficult to discern, but researchers and engineers said they frequently have come across Whisper’s hallucinations in their work. A University of Michigan researcher conducting a study of public meetings, for example, said he found hallucinations in 8 out of every 10 audio transcriptions he inspected, before he started trying to improve the model.

A machine learning engineer said he initially discovered hallucinations in about half of the over 100 hours of Whisper transcriptions he analyzed. A third developer said he found hallucinations in nearly every one of the 26,000 transcripts he created with Whisper.

The problems persist even in well-recorded, short audio samples. A recent study by computer scientists uncovered 187 hallucinations in more than 13,000 clear audio snippets they examined.

That trend would lead to tens of thousands of faulty transcriptions over millions of recordings, researchers said.

Such mistakes could have “really grave consequences,” particularly in hospital settings, said Alondra Nelson, who led the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy for the Biden administration until last year.

“Nobody wants a misdiagnosis,” said Nelson, a professor at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. “There should be a higher bar.”

Whisper also is used to create closed captioning for the Deaf and hard of hearing — a population at particular risk for faulty transcriptions. That's because the Deaf and hard of hearing have no way of identifying fabrications are “hidden amongst all this other text," said Christian Vogler, who is deaf and directs Gallaudet University’s Technology Access Program.

The prevalence of such hallucinations has led experts, advocates and former OpenAI employees to call for the federal government to consider AI regulations. At minimum, they said, OpenAI needs to address the flaw.

“This seems solvable if the company is willing to prioritize it,” said William Saunders, a San Francisco-based research engineer who quit OpenAI in February over concerns with the company's direction. “It’s problematic if you put this out there and people are overconfident about what it can do and integrate it into all these other systems.”

An OpenAI spokesperson said the company continually studies how to reduce hallucinations and appreciated the researchers' findings, adding that OpenAI incorporates feedback in model updates.

While most developers assume that transcription tools misspell words or make other errors, engineers and researchers said they had never seen another AI-powered transcription tool hallucinate as much as Whisper.

The tool is integrated into some versions of OpenAI’s flagship chatbot ChatGPT, and is a built-in offering in Oracle and Microsoft’s cloud computing platforms, which service thousands of companies worldwide. It is also used to transcribe and translate text into multiple languages.

In the last month alone, one recent version of Whisper was downloaded over 4.2 million times from open-source AI platform HuggingFace. Sanchit Gandhi, a machine-learning engineer there, said Whisper is the most popular open-source speech recognition model and is built into everything from call centers to voice assistants.

Professors Allison Koenecke of Cornell University and Mona Sloane of the University of Virginia examined thousands of short snippets they obtained from TalkBank, a research repository hosted at Carnegie Mellon University. They determined that nearly 40% of the hallucinations were harmful or concerning because the speaker could be misinterpreted or misrepresented.

In an example they uncovered, a speaker said, “He, the boy, was going to, I’m not sure exactly, take the umbrella.”

But the transcription software added: “He took a big piece of a cross, a teeny, small piece ... I’m sure he didn’t have a terror knife so he killed a number of people.”

A speaker in another recording described “two other girls and one lady.” Whisper invented extra commentary on race, adding "two other girls and one lady, um, which were Black.”

In a third transcription, Whisper invented a non-existent medication called “hyperactivated antibiotics.”

Researchers aren’t certain why Whisper and similar tools hallucinate, but software developers said the fabrications tend to occur amid pauses, background sounds or music playing.

OpenAI recommended in its online disclosures against using Whisper in “decision-making contexts, where flaws in accuracy can lead to pronounced flaws in outcomes.”

That warning hasn’t stopped hospitals or medical centers from using speech-to-text models, including Whisper, to transcribe what’s said during doctor’s visits to free up medical providers to spend less time on note-taking or report writing.

Over 30,000 clinicians and 40 health systems, including the Mankato Clinic in Minnesota and Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, have started using a Whisper-based tool built by Nabla, which has offices in France and the U.S.

That tool was fine tuned on medical language to transcribe and summarize patients’ interactions, said Nabla’s chief technology officer Martin Raison.

Company officials said they are aware that Whisper can hallucinate and are mitigating the problem.

It’s impossible to compare Nabla’s AI-generated transcript to the original recording because Nabla’s tool erases the original audio for “data safety reasons,” Raison said.

Nabla said the tool has been used to transcribe an estimated 7 million medical visits.

Saunders, the former OpenAI engineer, said erasing the original audio could be worrisome if transcripts aren't double checked or clinicians can't access the recording to verify they are correct.

“You can't catch errors if you take away the ground truth,” he said.

Nabla said that no model is perfect, and that theirs currently requires medical providers to quickly edit and approve transcribed notes, but that could change.

Because patient meetings with their doctors are confidential, it is hard to know how AI-generated transcripts are affecting them.

A California state lawmaker, Rebecca Bauer-Kahan, said she took one of her children to the doctor earlier this year, and refused to sign a form the health network provided that sought her permission to share the consultation audio with vendors that included Microsoft Azure, the cloud computing system run by OpenAI’s largest investor. Bauer-Kahan didn't want such intimate medical conversations being shared with tech companies, she said.

“The release was very specific that for-profit companies would have the right to have this,” said Bauer-Kahan, a Democrat who represents part of the San Francisco suburbs in the state Assembly. “I was like ‘absolutely not.’”

John Muir Health spokesman Ben Drew said the health system complies with state and federal privacy laws.

Schellmann reported from New York.

This story was produced in partnership with the Pulitzer Center’s AI Accountability Network, which also partially supported the academic Whisper study.

The Associated Press receives financial assistance from the Omidyar Network to support coverage of artificial intelligence and its impact on society. AP is solely responsible for all content. Find AP’s standards for working with philanthropies, a list of supporters and funded coverage areas at AP.org.

The Associated Press and OpenAI have a licensing and technology agreement allowing OpenAI access to part of the AP’s text archives.

Assistant professor of information science Allison Koenecke, an author of a recent study that found hallucinations in a speech-to-text transcription tool, sits for a portrait in her office at Cornell University in Ithaca, N.Y., Friday, Feb. 2, 2024. (AP Photo/Seth Wenig)

A computer screen displays text produced by an artificial intelligence-powered transcription program called Whisper at Cornell University in Ithaca, N.Y., Friday, Feb. 2, 2024. In this example, the speaker said, "and after she got the telephone he began to pray" while the program transcribes that as "I feel like I'm going to fall. I feel like I'm going to fall, I feel like I'm going to fall…." (AP Photo/Seth Wenig)

A computer screen displays text produced by an artificial intelligence-powered transcription program called Whisper at Cornell University in Ithaca, N.Y., Friday, Feb. 2, 2024. In this example, the speaker said, "as the um, the, her father dies not too long after he remarried…." while the program transcribes that as " It's fine. It's just too sensitive to tell. She does die at 65…." (AP Photo/Seth Wenig)

A computer screen displays text produced by an artificial intelligence-powered transcription program called Whisper at Cornell University in Ithaca, N.Y., Friday, Feb. 2, 2024. In this example, the speaker said, "and after she got the telephone he began to pray" while the program transcribes that as "I feel like I'm going to fall. I feel like I'm going to fall, I feel like I'm going to fall…." (AP Photo/Seth Wenig)

Assistant professor of information science Allison Koenecke, an author of a recent study that found hallucinations in a speech-to-text transcription tool, works in her office at Cornell University in Ithaca, N.Y., Friday, Feb. 2, 2024.

Assistant professor of information science Allison Koenecke, an author of a recent study that found hallucinations in a speech-to-text transcription tool, works in her office at Cornell University in Ithaca, N.Y., Friday, Feb. 2, 2024. The text preceded by "#Ground truth" shows what was actually said while the sentences preceded by ""text"" was how the transcription program interpreted the words. (AP Photo/Seth Wenig)