Nobel Prize in Physics laureate Prof. Samuel Ting has shared his story of discovering the J/psi meson, a subatomic particle that sheds new light on the theory that there existed a fourth quark, with one in a billion odds.
Ting, who discovered the particle in 1974 and received the Nobel Prize two years later, shared his story in an interview with China Media Group while attending a symposium commemorating the 50th anniversary of the discovery of the J/psi meson in Beijing on Oct. 20.
The finding marked "a pivotal moment" in the understanding of the subatomic world, which was referred to "November Revolution of the Particle Physics", said the Institute of High Energy Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, host of the symposium, in a statement.
"[The experiment] was really difficult. The experimental equipment we needed should have an accuracy of as high as one part per billion. It is like, if it rains in Beijing, and there is one red raindrop among a billion fell in one second, we need to find it out. This was widely considered as impossible. Some laboratories that had particle accelerators in Europe and the United States refused to do the experiment. Finally, it was accepted by the Brookhaven National Laboratory in the United States," said Ting.
Also speaking at the symposium, Ting's friends recounted how they reacted to Ting's extraordinary finding when hearing about it.
"Was I shocked. I was wakened out of a deep sleep when Doctor Ting phoned me and said I should come to his office. He did not explain why. So, I got dressed, and I got into my car, and I drove to MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) and found his office. He explained to me what he had done and showed me a picture of his experimental results. And I was absolutely flabbergasted. It was something extraordinary, very difficult to understand, and I think I said to him 'please give me a moment to think about this," said Sheldon Glashow a friend of Ting and a winner of Nobel Prize in Physics in 1979.
"I was in Italy at the time, so, the thing was not so instantaneous as Shelly, but I must say that the particle came out with some surprising qualities," said Luciano Maiani, former director-general of the European Organization for Nuclear Research.
Nobel prize laureate shares story of discovering J/psi meson with one in a billion odds
Four renowned physicists have highlighted the profound impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on advancing scientific research, while also cautioning that AI lacks the innovative capacity to generate groundbreaking theories or concepts.
The 2024 Nobel Prize in Physics went to two computer scientists, John J. Hopfield and Geoffrey E. Hinton, for their foundational discoveries and inventions that enable machine learning with artificial neural networks.
In response to the impact of this year's Nobel Prize on future physics research, David Jonathan Gross, the 2004 Nobel Laureate in Physics, highlighted John Hopfield's physics-based invention of associative memory, emphasizing its broad scientific influence and its role in shaping modern AI.
"In my opinion, it was one of the great examples of invention actually, using ideas that came from physics, which has had an enormous impact on all of the other sciences; neuroscience, biology as well as computer science. It was given to John Hopfield, who was a colleague of mine at Princeton when I was in Princeton, a first rate condensed matter theorist who got interested in how the brain works and using ideas that came from condensed matter physics, spin glasses. He came up with a very brilliant idea, how you would construct out of these spins, or analogs of spins, an associative of memory. The other half of the Nobel Prize was shared by someone who came from computer science, who perfected parts of those applications and now dominates one of the foundational aspects that led to machine learning, large language models, AI. All this came from physics. So this is very common in physics," said Gross.
Sheldon Glashow, the 1979 Nobel Laureate in Physics, said that the Nobel Prize awarded for advancements in AI aligns perfectly with Alfred Nobel's vision of rewarding developments that contribute most to human welfare, even more so than the discovery of gravitational waves.
"All one needs to do to understand this Nobel Prize is to read Nobel's will, because the prize is to be given by the idea or the development that contributes most to human welfare. However much I support the Nobel prize that was given for the discovery of gravitational waves, the discovery and development of artificial intelligence will have much, much greater effect on human welfare than gravitational waves. So, I think this was an excellent Nobel Prize," said Glashow.
While acknowledging AI's significant contribution to scientific progress, particularly as highlighted by Gross's emphasis on Hopfield's physics-based invention of associative memory, other two scientists cautioned against overestimating AI's capabilities.
Luciano Maiani, known for his prediction of the charm quark with other two scientists, said he agrees with David's views on this year's Nobel Prize. However, he then mentioned that he once faced skepticism when proposing the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) to search for the charm quark, as some Americans believed that with advanced computer programs, experiments were unnecessary. Maiani dismissed this notion as ridiculous.
"We will never be able to tell a priori if the result will be yes or no. Does charm exist? Well, it's a matter of nature, not a matter of artificial intelligence. Artificial intelligence can only collect what we know at present. But there is an unknown part of the story, and that is nature. if you don't have an experiment, you will never know," said Maiani, who is also the former director-general of the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN).
Moreover, Samuel Chao Chung Ting, a Chinese-American physicist who won the Nobel Prize in 1976 for discovering a new particle, cautioned that while AI is vital, it lacks the innovative capacity to conceive of fundamental breakthroughs like four-dimensional space, quantum mechanics, or relativity.
"AI is certainly important, but it lacks true creativity. It won't conceptualize four-dimensional space, quantum mechanics, or theory of relativity. These innovative ideas are beyond its capabilities," he said.
Samuel Ting is a world-renowned Chinese-American physicist. He received the Nobel Prize in 1976 for his pioneering work in the discovery of a new particle.
Prominent physicists praise AI's transformative role in science, while warn of creative limitations
