SEOUL, South Korea (AP) — South Korean officials said Monday they will conduct safety inspections of all Boeing 737-800 aircraft operated by the country's airlines, as they struggle to determine what caused a plane crash that killed 179 people a day earlier.
Sunday's crash, the country’s worst aviation disaster in decades, triggered an outpouring of national sympathy. Many people worry how effectively the South Korean government will handle the disaster as it grapples with a leadership vacuum following the recent successive impeachments of President Yoon Suk Yeol and Prime Minister Han Duck-soo, the country’s top two officials, amid political tumult caused by Yoon’s brief imposition of martial law earlier this month.
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Experts from the U.S. National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) and representatives from aircraft manufacturer Boeing Co. investigate the site of a plane crash at Muan International Airport in Muan, South Korea, Tuesday, Dec. 31, 2024. (Kim Sung-min/Yonhap via AP)
Experts from the U.S. National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) and joint investigation team between the U.S. and South Korea check the site of a plane crash at Muan International Airport in Muan, South Korea, Tuesday, Dec. 31, 2024. (Son Hyung-joo/Yonhap via AP)
Experts from the U.S. National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) and joint investigation team between the U.S. and South Korea check the site of a plane crash at Muan International Airport in Muan, South Korea, Tuesday, Dec. 31, 2024. (Son Hyung-joo/Yonhap via AP)
Experts from the U.S. National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) and joint investigation team between the U.S. and South Korea check the site of a plane crash at Muan International Airport in Muan, South Korea, Tuesday, Dec. 31, 2024. (Son Hyung-joo/Yonhap via AP)
South Korea's acting President Choi Sang-mok, wearing a green jacket, visits the site of a plane fire at Muan International Airport in Muan, South Korea, Monday, Dec. 30, 2024. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon)
South Korea's acting President Choi Sang-mok arrives to pray for the victims on a plane which skidded off a runway and burst into flames, at a memorial altar at Muan sport park in Muan, South Korea, Monday, Dec. 30, 2024. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon)
South Korea's acting President Choi Sang-mok places a flower for the victims on a plane which skidded off a runway and burst into flames, at a memorial altar at Muan sport park in Muan, South Korea, Monday, Dec. 30, 2024. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon)
A police officer works with a dog outside of Muan International Airport in Muan, South Korea, Monday, Dec. 30, 2024. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon)
Rescue team members work at the site of a plane fire at Muan International Airport in Muan, South Korea, Monday, Dec. 30, 2024. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon)
Mourners watch the site of a plane fire from outside of Muan International Airport in Muan, South Korea, Monday, Dec. 30, 2024. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon)
Mourners watch the site of a plane fire from outside of Muan International Airport in Muan, South Korea, Monday, Dec. 30, 2024. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon)
Relatives of the passengers of a plane which burst into flames, react at a temporary shelter at Muan International Airport in Muan, South Korea, Monday, Dec. 30, 2024. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon)
A relative of a passenger of a plane which burst into flames reacts at a temporary shelter at Muan International Airport in Muan, South Korea, Monday, Dec. 30, 2024. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon)
A temporary shelter for relatives of the passengers of a plane which burst into flames, is seen at Muan International Airport in Muan, South Korea, Monday, Dec. 30, 2024. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon)
A relative of a passenger of a plane which burst into flames, reacts at a temporary shelter at Muan International Airport in Muan, South Korea, Monday, Dec. 30, 2024. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon)
Mourners place flowers for the victims of a plane fire at a memorial altar at Muan sport park in Muan, South Korea, Monday, Dec. 30, 2024. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon)
Nuns pray for the victims of a plane fire at a memorial altar at Muan sport park in Muan, South Korea, Monday, Dec. 30, 2024. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon)
Nuns bow for the victims of a plane fire at a memorial altar at Muan sport park in Muan, South Korea, Monday, Dec. 30, 2024. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon)
Mourners pray for the victims of a plane fire at a memorial altar at Muan sport park in Muan, South Korea, Monday, Dec. 30, 2024. The sign reads "The victims on a plane." (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon)
Mourners pray for the victims on a plane fire at a memorial altar at Muan sport park in Muan, South Korea, Monday, Dec. 30, 2024. The sign reads "The victims on a plane." (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon)
Rescue team carry the body of a passenger at the site of a plane fire at Muan International Airport in Muan, South Korea, Sunday, Dec. 29, 2024. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon)
Relatives of passengers on a plane which skidded off a runway and burst into flames, react at Muan International Airport in Muan, South Korea, Monday, Dec. 30, 2024. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon)
South Korean national flags fly at half-staff at a government complex in Seoul, South Korea, Monday, Dec. 30, 2024, a day after a jetliner skidded off a runway, slammed into a concrete fence and burst into flames at an airport the town of Muan. (AP Photo/Lee Jin-man)
A South Korean national flag flies at half-staff in downtown Seoul, South Korea, Monday, Dec. 30, 2024, a day after a jetliner skidded off a runway, slammed into a concrete fence and burst into flames at an airport the town of Muan. (AP Photo/Lee Jin-man)
South Korean national flags fly at half-staff at a government complex in Seoul, South Korea, Monday, Dec. 30, 2024, a day after a jetliner skidded off a runway, slammed into a concrete fence and burst into flames at an airport the town of Muan. (AP Photo/Lee Jin-man)
New acting President Choi Sang-mok on Monday presided over a task force meeting on the crash and instructed authorities to conduct an emergency review of the country’s aircraft operation systems.
“The essence of a responsible response would be renovating the aviation safety systems on the whole to prevent recurrences of similar incidents and building a safer Republic of South Korea,” said Choi, who is also deputy prime minister and finance minister.
The Boeing 737-800 plane operated by South Korean budget airline Jeju Air aborted its first landing attempt for reasons that aren’t immediately clear. Then, during its second landing attempt, it received a bird strike warning from the ground control center before its pilot issued a distress signal. The plane landed without its front landing gear deployed, overshot the runway, slammed into a concrete fence and burst into a fireball.
Alan Price, a former chief pilot at Delta Air Lines and now a consultant, said the Boeing 737-800 is a “proven airplane” that belongs to a different class of aircraft than the Boeing 737 Max jetliner that was linked to fatal crashes in 2018 and 2019.
But South Korea's Transport Ministry said Monday it plans to conduct safety inspections of all of the 101 Boeing 737-800 jetliners operated by the country’s airlines as well as a broader review into safety standards at Jeju Air, which operates 39 of those planes. Senior ministry official Joo Jong-wan said representatives from the U.S. National Transportation Safety Board and Boeing were expected to arrive in South Korea on Monday to participate in the investigation.
Ministry officials also said they will look into whether the Muan airport’s localizer — a concrete fence housing a set of antennas designed to guide aircraft safely during landings — should have been made with lighter materials that would break more easily upon impact.
Joo said the ministry has determined that similar concrete structures are in other domestic airports, including in Jeju Island and the southern cities of Yeosu and Pohang, as well as airports in the United States, Spain and South Africa.
Video of the crash indicated that the pilots did not deploy flaps or slats to slow the aircraft, suggesting a possible hydraulic failure, and did not manually lower the landing gear, suggesting they did not have time, said John Cox, a retired airline pilot and CEO of Safety Operating Systems in St. Petersburg, Florida.
Despite that, the jetliner was under control and traveling in a straight line, and damage and injuries likely would have been minimized if not for the barrier being so close to the runway, Cox said.
Other observers said the videos showed the plane was suffering from suspected engine trouble but the landing gear malfunction was likely a direct reason for the crash. They said there wouldn't likely be a link between the landing gear problem and the suspected engine issue.
Earlier Monday, another Boeing 737-800 plane operated by Jeju Air returned to Seoul’s Gimpo International Airport shortly after takeoff when the pilot detected a landing gear issue. Song Kyung-hoon, a Jeju Air executive, said the issue was resolved through communication with a land-based equipment center, but the pilot decided to return to Gimpo as a precautionary measure.
Joo said officials were reviewing whether there might have been communication problems between air traffic controllers and the pilot. “Our current understanding is that, at some point during the go-around process, communication became somewhat ineffective or was interrupted, ahead of the landing and impact,” he said.
Ministry officials said Monday the plane’s flight data and cockpit audio recorders were moved to a research center at Gimpo airport ahead of their analysis. Ministry officials earlier said it would take months to complete the investigation of the crash.
The Muan crash is South Korea's deadliest aviation disaster since 1997, when a Korean Airlines plane crashed in Guam, killing 228 people on board.
The crash left many South Koreans shocked and ashamed, with the government announcing a seven-day national mourning period through Jan. 4. Some questioned whether the crash involved safety or regulatory issues, such as a 2022 Halloween crush in Seoul that killed 160 people and a 2014 ferry sinking that killed 304 people.
The Transport Ministry said authorities have identified 146 bodies and are collecting DNA and fingerprint samples from the other 33.
Park Han Shin, a representative of the bereaved families, said they were told that the bodies were so badly damaged that officials need time before returning them to their families.
“I demand that the government mobilize more personnel to return our brothers and family members as intact as possible more swiftly,” he said, choking down tears.
The crash was yet more major news for South Koreans already reeling from a political crisis set off by Yoon’s martial law decree, which brought hundreds of troops into Seoul streets and revived traumatic memories of past military rule in the 1970-80s.
The political tumult resulted in the opposition-controlled National Assembly impeaching Yoon and Han. The safety minister stepped down and the police chief was arrested over their roles in the martial law inforcement.
The absence of top officials responsible for managing disasters has led to concerns.
“We are deeply worried whether the Central Disaster and Safety Countermeasures Headquarters really can handle the disaster,” the mass-circulation JoongAng Ilbo newspaper said in an editorial Monday.
Experts from the U.S. National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) and representatives from aircraft manufacturer Boeing Co. investigate the site of a plane crash at Muan International Airport in Muan, South Korea, Tuesday, Dec. 31, 2024. (Kim Sung-min/Yonhap via AP)
Experts from the U.S. National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) and joint investigation team between the U.S. and South Korea check the site of a plane crash at Muan International Airport in Muan, South Korea, Tuesday, Dec. 31, 2024. (Son Hyung-joo/Yonhap via AP)
Experts from the U.S. National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) and joint investigation team between the U.S. and South Korea check the site of a plane crash at Muan International Airport in Muan, South Korea, Tuesday, Dec. 31, 2024. (Son Hyung-joo/Yonhap via AP)
Experts from the U.S. National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) and joint investigation team between the U.S. and South Korea check the site of a plane crash at Muan International Airport in Muan, South Korea, Tuesday, Dec. 31, 2024. (Son Hyung-joo/Yonhap via AP)
South Korea's acting President Choi Sang-mok, wearing a green jacket, visits the site of a plane fire at Muan International Airport in Muan, South Korea, Monday, Dec. 30, 2024. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon)
South Korea's acting President Choi Sang-mok arrives to pray for the victims on a plane which skidded off a runway and burst into flames, at a memorial altar at Muan sport park in Muan, South Korea, Monday, Dec. 30, 2024. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon)
South Korea's acting President Choi Sang-mok places a flower for the victims on a plane which skidded off a runway and burst into flames, at a memorial altar at Muan sport park in Muan, South Korea, Monday, Dec. 30, 2024. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon)
A police officer works with a dog outside of Muan International Airport in Muan, South Korea, Monday, Dec. 30, 2024. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon)
Rescue team members work at the site of a plane fire at Muan International Airport in Muan, South Korea, Monday, Dec. 30, 2024. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon)
Mourners watch the site of a plane fire from outside of Muan International Airport in Muan, South Korea, Monday, Dec. 30, 2024. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon)
Mourners watch the site of a plane fire from outside of Muan International Airport in Muan, South Korea, Monday, Dec. 30, 2024. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon)
Relatives of the passengers of a plane which burst into flames, react at a temporary shelter at Muan International Airport in Muan, South Korea, Monday, Dec. 30, 2024. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon)
A relative of a passenger of a plane which burst into flames reacts at a temporary shelter at Muan International Airport in Muan, South Korea, Monday, Dec. 30, 2024. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon)
A temporary shelter for relatives of the passengers of a plane which burst into flames, is seen at Muan International Airport in Muan, South Korea, Monday, Dec. 30, 2024. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon)
A relative of a passenger of a plane which burst into flames, reacts at a temporary shelter at Muan International Airport in Muan, South Korea, Monday, Dec. 30, 2024. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon)
Mourners place flowers for the victims of a plane fire at a memorial altar at Muan sport park in Muan, South Korea, Monday, Dec. 30, 2024. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon)
Nuns pray for the victims of a plane fire at a memorial altar at Muan sport park in Muan, South Korea, Monday, Dec. 30, 2024. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon)
Nuns bow for the victims of a plane fire at a memorial altar at Muan sport park in Muan, South Korea, Monday, Dec. 30, 2024. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon)
Mourners pray for the victims of a plane fire at a memorial altar at Muan sport park in Muan, South Korea, Monday, Dec. 30, 2024. The sign reads "The victims on a plane." (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon)
Mourners pray for the victims on a plane fire at a memorial altar at Muan sport park in Muan, South Korea, Monday, Dec. 30, 2024. The sign reads "The victims on a plane." (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon)
Rescue team carry the body of a passenger at the site of a plane fire at Muan International Airport in Muan, South Korea, Sunday, Dec. 29, 2024. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon)
Relatives of passengers on a plane which skidded off a runway and burst into flames, react at Muan International Airport in Muan, South Korea, Monday, Dec. 30, 2024. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon)
South Korean national flags fly at half-staff at a government complex in Seoul, South Korea, Monday, Dec. 30, 2024, a day after a jetliner skidded off a runway, slammed into a concrete fence and burst into flames at an airport the town of Muan. (AP Photo/Lee Jin-man)
A South Korean national flag flies at half-staff in downtown Seoul, South Korea, Monday, Dec. 30, 2024, a day after a jetliner skidded off a runway, slammed into a concrete fence and burst into flames at an airport the town of Muan. (AP Photo/Lee Jin-man)
South Korean national flags fly at half-staff at a government complex in Seoul, South Korea, Monday, Dec. 30, 2024, a day after a jetliner skidded off a runway, slammed into a concrete fence and burst into flames at an airport the town of Muan. (AP Photo/Lee Jin-man)
